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After selection according to criteria for inclusion and exclusion, 19 articles qualified for the final review analysis.

1 mm associated with a significant advancement of the bony chin 3.

The following study types that reported data on the effects of Class III treatment with orthopedic appliances facial mask, chincup, FR-3 on intermaxillary sagittal and vertical relationships were included: randomized clinical trials RCTs , and prospective and retrospective longitudinal controlled clinical trials CCTs with untreated Class III controls.

Materials and methods: A literature survey was performed by applying the Medline database Entrez PubMed.

Objective: To analyze the long-term skeletal and dentoalveolar effects and to evaluate treatment timing of Class II treatment with functional appliances followed by fixed appliances.

Treatment during the pubertal peak was able to produce significantly greater increases in total mandibular length 4.

Lateral cephalograms were available at the start of treatment mean age 10 years , end of treatment with functional appliances mean age 12 years , and long-term observation mean age 18.

The early-treatment group was composed of 20 subjects 12 females and 8 males treated before puberty, while the late-treatment group included 20 subjects 10 females and 10 males treated at puberty.

9 mm when compared with treatment before puberty.

One RCT and 18 CCTs were retrieved.